Flow-driven analysis of divergences between virtual and physical urban structures: Insights from Shenyang, China

Based on the virtual-physical connection network and connection strength network, this paper compares the differences in spatial distribution between virtual flows and physical flows by replacing them with flows of information and travel. Through complex network analysis and community detection, the study constructs the virtual-physical spatial structure and analyzes its underlying mechanisms. The findings suggest that (1) virtual and physical flows differ significantly in network morphology, spatial distribution, flow organization, and direction. Virtual flows are characterized by short-distance clusters, while physical flows are mainly medium to long-distance clusters. (2) Geographical distance increased modularity in community detection, with virtual flow divided into 32 communities and physical flow into 5. (3) The spatial structure of virtual flow is based on a concentric circle structure and distributed in a circular jigsaw pattern. The urban landscape features and functional differences among communities are significant, with primary connections concentrated within the Second Ring Road. In contrast, the spatial structure of physical flow is characterized by a typical fan-shaped structure, with main connections concentrated within a diamond-shaped area. (4) Both virtual and physical flows exhibit radial development patterns; however, they are influenced to varying degrees by factors such as human socio-economic attributes, urban functional distribution, administrative divisions, developmental sequence, historical and cultural texture, natural elements, and infrastructure. A comprehensive perspective reveals that the virtual-physical spatial structure and its underlying mechanisms exhibit significant differences, which can more effectively guide urban planning practice and promote integrated development of both virtual and physical spaces in urban areas. • Few studies employ high-resolution mobile phone data for intra-urban analysis. • Virtual and physical urban spatial structures show significant differences. • Geographic distance remains a key factor in shaping intra-urban activities. • Integrating virtual and physical spaces is key to optimizing urban functional layouts.