Tumor-derived RAC1 ^A159V mutation promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that represses response to immune checkpoint inhibitor

RAC1^A159V is a hotspot mutation associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. By gene editing, we generated endogenous homozygous and heterozygous RAC1^A159V mutations, which result in up-regulated RAC1 activity and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. RAC1^A159V tumors grow faster than RAC1^WT tumors in immune-proficient mice and are resistant to anti-programmed death protein 1 (PD1). Flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analyses reveal that RAC1^A159V cells form "cold" tumors with an immunosuppressive microenvironment and reduced tumor-immune cell interactions. Mechanistically, RAC1^A159V up-regulates glycosphingolipid biosynthesis to activate mTORC1 signaling in tumor cells, which in turn increases glycolysis, impairs key chemokine production, and decreases IFNGR1 expression of the tumor cells. mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin resensitizes the RAC1^A159V tumors to anti-PD1 treatment by reversing effects of RAC1^A159V mutation. These results demonstrate a mechanism of RAC1^A159V-driven immune evasion and suggest an approach of combining the targeting of RAC1-mTOR signaling with immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of a type of immune-cold tumors.