Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH): Its ecology and pedagogical usage among Filipino Chinese communities

The evolution of the Filipino Chinese from being migrants to becoming assimilated members of mainstream Philippine society spans generations, presenting a unique phenomenon that offers valuable insights. Previous studies have explored the assimilation of Filipino Chinese throughout history, yet few written records exist from the pre-colonial and colonial periods. Given the expanding field of linguistic hybridity, this study aims to examine Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH) and identify its typology within the categories of mixed languages. Specifically, it investigates whether Hokkien, particularly Philippine Hokkien, fits within the scope of hybrid languages. Using a combination of descriptive-phenomenological and historical research designs, the study revealed that PHH, evolved from centuries-old interactions between Chinese traders and Filipinos, blending Hokkien, Tagalog, and English. Initially shaped by pre-colonial Chinese migrants, PHH developed as Filipinos embraced Chinese customs while retaining unique Filipino identities. In other words, PHH serves as a cultural and sociolinguistic marker within the Filipino-Chinese community, strengthening identity through shared customs. Limitations were discussed and recommendations were offered. • Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH) blends Hokkien, Tagalog, and English. • PHH emerged from centuries of Chinese–Filipino cultural interactions. • PHH functions as a sociolinguistic marker of Filipino-Chinese identity. • The study situates PHH within hybrid and mixed language typologies. • Findings highlight both assimilation and cultural retention processes.