Three Years After COVID-19 Vaccination, Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Concentration Decreases and Is Accompanied by Increasing Anti-Nucleocapsid Seropositivity
Overall, our data indicates that although the booster vaccinations' acceptance decreases, the circulating SARS-CoV-2 stimulates humoral immunity, resulting in high anti-S antibody concentrations even three years after the vaccination.
Authors
- Tomasz Anyszek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-5658)
- Jakub Swadźba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-360X)
- Emilia Martin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-9811)
- Andrzej Panek
Institutions
- Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Viruses
- Published
- 2025-10-29
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/v17111443
- Primary Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00