Ecological Security Pattern Construction Based on Multi-Scenario Trade-Offs of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Shiyang River Basin

Constructing ecological security patterns (ESPs) from an ecosystem services perspective is critical for sustaining regional ecological stability. However, existing research often overlooks the complex trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services. This study focuses on the Shiyang River Basin, assessing four key ecosystem services in 2021: habitat quality, water yield, soil retention, and carbon sequestration. Ecological sources were identified using the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) method. Subsequently, the minimum cumulative resistance model in conjunction with circuit theory was employed to delineate ecological corridors, identify pinch points, and detect barrier points. Spatial syntax analysis was employed to assess the network’s structural characteristics. The results revealed 46 ecological sources covering 12,336.34 km2 (29.7% of the study area), along with 94 corridors, 80 pinch points, and 39 barrier points. Based on these findings, a regional ecological framework—“Three Zones, Three Corridors, One Belt, and Multiple Points”—is proposed to guide ecosystem service optimization.