Enhanced antioxidant properties and bioavailability of naringenin through EGCG-modified alfalfa ferritin nanoparticles

Phytoferritin is widely used for encapsulating bioactive molecules due to its nanocavity and surface modification ease. This study presented a novel approach by covalently conjugating epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to the surface of alfalfa ferritin (AFn), forming the EGCG-modified ferritin complex (EGCG-AFn). This modification enhanced the stability of ferritin and improved the antioxidant properties of the nanoparticles. Naringenin (NAR) was then encapsulated within the EGCG-AFn cavity through temperature incubation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful coupling of EGCG, while high-performance liquid chromatography verified NAR loading. The EGCG-AFn complex showed superior antioxidant activity compared to free EGCG and unmodified AFn. Gastrointestinal simulations indicated effective protection of NAR, and Caco-2 cell studies demonstrated enhanced cellular transport, significantly improving the bioavailability of NAR and maximizing its potential health benefits. • Stability of alfalfa ferritin was enhanced by covalent EGCG modification. • EGCG-ferritin had stronger antioxidant activity than native alfalfa ferritin. • Ferritin encapsulation enhanced NAR bioavailability and cellular transport.