Pb immobilization by phosphate-solubilizing fungi and fluorapatite under different Mn2+ concentrations

Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) are commonly employed in the bioremediation of lead contamination through the production of organic acids. However, the secretion of organic acids by PSF is typically affected by various environmental factors. This study investigated the Pb removal process by typical PSF <i>A. niger</i> and <i>P. chrysogenum</i> under different Mn²⁺ concentrations (0-30 mg/L). The different concentrations of Mn²⁺ can significantly influence the Pb toxicity tolerance of PSF. PSF <i>A. niger</i> exhibits a stable Pb removal ratio of >99% under different Mn²⁺ concentrations, much higher than <i>P. chrysogenum</i> <90%. The high concentrations of Mn²⁺ (15 and 30 mg/L) both inhibited the secretion of organic acids by <i>A. niger</i> and <i>P. chrysogenum</i>. However, 7.5 mg/L Mn²⁺ can significantly increase the secretion of oxalic acid by <i>A. niger</i> and promote the formation of lead oxalate and pyromorphite. Only 2.25% Pb²⁺ is released again from the immobilized Pb minerals. Meanwhile, PSF has the highest pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme activities of 31.53 and 17.23 nmol/min/g in 7.5 mg/L Mn²⁺ treatment. Compared with <i>P. chrysogenum</i>, <i>A. niger</i> is more effective in removing and stabilizing Pb cations. Controlling the appropriate Mn²⁺ concentration can further improve the Pb bioremediation by PSF.