Multi-omic profiling reveals age-related immune dynamics in healthy adults
The generation and maintenance of immunity is a dynamic process that is dependent on age<sup>1-3</sup>. Here, to better understand its progression, we profiled peripheral immunity in more than 300 healthy adults (25 to 90 years of age) using single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics and flow cytometry, following 96 adults longitudinally across 2 years with seasonal influenza vaccination. The resulting resource generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of more than 16 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 71 immune cell subsets from our Human Immune Health Atlas and enabled us to interrogate how immune cell composition and states shift with age, chronic viral infection and vaccination. From these data, we demonstrate robust, non-linear transcriptional reprogramming in T cell subsets with age that is not driven by systemic inflammation or chronic cytomegalovirus infection. This age-related reprogramming led to a functional T helper 2 (T<sub>H</sub>2) cell bias in memory T cells that is linked to dysregulated B cell responses against highly boosted antigens in influenza vaccines. Collectively, this study reveals unique features of the immune ageing process that occur prior to advanced age and provides novel targets for age-related immune modulation. We provide interactive tools for exploring this extensive human immune health resource at https://apps.allenimmunology.org/aifi/insights/dynamics-imm-health-age/ .
Authors
- Vaishnavi Parthasarathy
- Veronica Hernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-2565)
- Katherine Henderson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-5051)
- Thomas F. Bumol
- Jörg J. Goronzy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-1856)
- Mansi Singh
- Jane H. Buckner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-1885)
- Sarah E. Henrickson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-4132)
- Paul Meijer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5535-0399)
- Mikael Sigvardsson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8527-7276)
- Megan E. Smithmyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-0621)
- Cara Lord (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7827-2159)
- Qiuyu Gong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3885-0862)
- Claire E. Gustafson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-6709)
- Lauren Okada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5691-3373)
- Aishwarya Chander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-7583)
- Palak C. Genge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6445)
- Adam K. Savage (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1913-5485)
- Marla C. Glass (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-0842)
- Erik D. Layton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-290X)
- Emma L. Kuan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5824-2016)
- Charles R. Roll (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-2076)
- Elliott Swanson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0351-6446)
- Ananda W. Goldrath (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5900-508X)
- Lynne A. Becker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-4655)
- Alexander T. Heubeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-4090)
- Laura A. Vella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-4845)
- E. John Wherry (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0477-1956)
- Ernest M. Coffey
- Morgan Weiss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-1992)
- Upaasana Krishnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-7061)
- Troy R. Torgerson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3489-5036)
- Mehul Sharma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-0415)
- Peter J. Skene (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-5326)
- Julian Reading (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-3992)
- Lucas T. Graybuck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8814-6818)
- Zachary Thomson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-9998)
- Samir Rachid Zaim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9256-2324)
- Kathleen Abadie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-7365)
- Elisabeth M. Dornisch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6969-8690)
- Cate Speake (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-4272)
- Cole Phalen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0196-2805)
- Jessica Garber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8773-9754)
- Garrett Strawn
- Tyanna Stuckey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3262-8441)
- John B. Johanneson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7612-1290)
- Xiaojun Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0832-9479)
- Tao Peng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-9183)
- Peter J. Wittig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9639-5518)
- Christian M. LaFrance
- Erin K. Kawelo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0329-9914)
- Nelson Mukuka
- Mackenzie Kopp
- Kevin J. Lee
- Blessing Musgrove
- R Mettey
- Teminijesu Titus-Adewunmi
Institutions
- Virginia Mason Medical Center (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Allen Institute for Immunology (US)
- Translational Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Allen Institute (US)
- Benaroya Research Institute
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Stanford University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-10-29
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09686-5
- Citations
- 16
- Primary Topic
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 12.90