A Simulated Client Study on Non-Prescription Antibiotic Sales and Counselling Practices in Iraqi Nurse-Led Clinics: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance
Widespread inappropriate and, in many cases, illegal antibiotic dispensing was observed in Iraqi nurse-led clinics, with limited patient assessment. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship, provider education, and regulatory enforcement to address AMR in Iraq.
Authors
- Karwan M-Amen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3723-4903)
- Amanj Baker Kurdi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5036-1988)
- Alysha A Hassan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9102-7812)
- Omeed Darweesh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-296X)
- Hardee Karwi
- Brian Godman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-6972)
- Ying He
- Kirmanj Baker
- Awat J. Hasan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-867X)
Institutions
- University of Kirkuk (IQ)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Hawler Medical University (IQ)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (ZA)
- University of Human Development (IQ)
- University of Sulaimani (IQ)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Infection and Drug Resistance
- Published
- 2025-10-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s533590
- Primary Topic
- Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00