Mathematical modeling and optimal control analysis of lumpy skin disease in domestic cattle

In the presents investigation a fractional-order SIR mathematical model formulated with the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative to investigate the transmission dynamics of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in domestic cattle. Model parameter characteristic included as positivity, boundedness and the basic reproduction number are analytically established along with existence and uniqueness proven by the fixed-point theory. Optimal control strategies derived using Pontryagin's maximum principle target infection reduction through prevention, pre-treatment and enhanced treatment measures. Numerical simulations have been carried out the fractional-order dynamics which capture the real-world complexities with lower fractional order accelerating disease spread. Comparative analysis with integer-order models confirms the superior applicability of fractional calculus. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed control measures can substantially reduce infection levels, offering practical guidance for LSD mitigation in cattle populations.