The Digital Diaspora Oscillation: A Literature Review on ICT's Impact on Tibetan Refugees Through Modern, Postmodern, and Post-Postmodern Lenses

By mapping the tangled web of ICT, modernity, postmodernity, and post-postmodernism within the Tibetan diaspora, this literature review aims to investigate the role of ICT in exile communities. We examine the impact of ICT on Tibetan refugees' social circles, inter-border interactions, and cultural expressions in the context of geopolitical chaos. With modernity, postmodernism, and post-postmodernism as theoretical frames, we expose how ICT use is interwoven with cultural preservation and how digital technologies both destroy and reconstruct refugee identities. Beyond postmodernism, we explore how ICT makes possible new kinds of genuine connection and meaning making in diaspora communities. We reiterate that ICT's impact on displaced peoples deserves more in-depth analysis and research, taking into account its multiple facets in restructuring identities, enabling mobility, and creating a chasm between tradition and innovation in our increasingly connected and digital reality. We highlight challenges and research opportunities, especially in understanding the tangled connection between ICT and cultural identity, the promise of crowdsourcing for cultural preservation, the metamodern role of ICT for cultural reconstruction, and the possibility of ICT as emancipatory tools for community building under social stratification.