Occupational zirconium and co-metal exposure — cobalt, nickel, and arsenic: an integrated air and biomonitoring assessment in Taiwanese industry

This study provides the first integrated dataset of zirconium and co-metal exposure in Taiwanese industry, showing measurable airborne Zr but undetectable urinary Zr under current conditions. Co-metals (cobalt, nickel, arsenic) demonstrated significant associations with hematologic, oxidative, and immunologic markers, underscoring the complexity of mixed-metal exposures. These findings support ongoing workplace surveillance and further research on health implications of zirconium and co-metal co-exposures.