Rattle drum-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced output using charge dispatch and magnetic repulsion pendulum

Densifying triboelectric layers benefits triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) by increasing output, improving spatial utilization, and reducing costs. However, structural densification imposes limitations that hinder further output enhancement. A charge dispatch strategy is developed in our proposed rattle drum inspired TENG, which mitigates charge cancellation via path diversion and alleviates electrostatic shielding through mode transformation, yielding over 6x output versus traditional models. Further structural designs to improve layer contact-separation efficiency, including laser etching and contact push pins, raise the triboelectric surface density to 2.76 cm^-1. A comprehensive framework is established, encompassing theoretical modeling, engineering optimization, and extensive experimental validation. Furthermore, the generator can capture weak wave energy when equipped with a magnetic repulsion pendulum, boosting motion amplitude and output by 558% and 1662%, respectively, demonstrating scenario adaptability expansion. Here, we show strategies to further elevate layer density and pathways to enhance TENG output.