Recent progress in seaweed valorization for sustainable applications

Seaweed, an abundant renewable marine biomass, has gained potential applications in agriculture and the environment by providing sustainable solutions through biocompatible and eco-friendly materials. This review focuses on the valorisation of seaweed and its applications in different fields, such as food, agriculture, medicine, and ecological sustainability. Fertilisers, biofilms/membranes, and hydrogels/bio-gels derived from seaweed substantially play a significant role in bioengineering, agriculture, environmental restoration, and ergonomics because of their diversity, richness, and versatility. Seaweed has a dual purpose as a fertiliser and a soil conditioner, providing stability and productivity to the soil for plant growth. It acts as a natural bolster for the coastal ecosystem, a carbon capture sink, and mitigates the influence of climate change, rendering it vital for sustainable practices. Moreover, its application in bioplastics, biofuels, and the synthesis of nanoparticles underscores its potential to convert industrial processes into more eco-friendly options. Additionally, its unique and nutritional properties have favoured ingredients, shaping the future of functional foods and advancements in pharmaceutical solutions.