Growing moss on bioreceptive concrete using a novel two-step approach: The effects of light, water, and species selection

Bioreceptive concrete supports biological growth on its surface, but natural colonisation takes years, and indoor cultivation followed by outdoor translocation often results in poor long-term survival. This research aimed to develop a method for rapidly establishing a moss layer on bioreceptive concrete while ensuring long-term persistence and survival. The developed method comprised a two-step approach. First is the rapid establishment of moss on bioreceptive concrete indoors. Then, it is hardened and translocated outdoors. Findings indicate that the most effective method for growing moss on concrete indoors is to grow them at low light intensity (70 μmol m −2 s −1 full-spectrum), while watering daily for the first six weeks. Subsequently, watering can be gradually reduced to once every 4 days, inducingdrought hardening. This resulted in significant coverage and growth for both acrocarp (M coverage = 15.1 %; M growth = 11.2 mm) and pleurocarp species (M coverage = 51.7 %; M growth = 15.5 mm). Finally, after outdoor translocation, the moss should be covered with a light-blocking cloth for a 3-month period to allow for adaptation to UV and high light intensity conditions. When applying this method to moss species (mixtures), it was found that T. muralis showed slow indoor growth but the best adaptation to outdoor conditions on both north- and south-facing surfaces. Contrarily, both P. capillare and B. rutabulum displayed faster growth under indoor conditions but showed poor surface adhesion when translocated outdoors, which can, in some cases, be improved by using species mixtures. This research is a first step towards identifying the factors influencing moss growth and survival on bioreceptive concrete in the built environment.