Policy framework for water sensitivity in the secondary cities of India: visions and options

ABSTRACT Unlike primate cities, most secondary cities in India face persistent water-related challenges that raise serious concerns among administrators and residents. However, these issues often lack focused action plans and strong administrative vision. This article aims to guide how water sensitivity can be effectively achieved in India's growing secondary cities. It proposes a logical policy framework tailored for implementing water sensitivity in such urban areas. The framework's vision and options are aligned with clear, actionable goals that promote water-sensitive urban development through defined processes and enabling conditions. Methodologically, the framework incorporates approaches such as problem recognition, stakeholder engagement, technical and scientific assessment, and strategic development. Using a bottom-up approach, the study examines three cities, Bhopal, Bhuj, and Kozhikode, to contextualise and validate the framework. Disaster resilience, water security, water equity, and healthy water have been identified as four primary goals. These are supported by 23 specific processes and 89 enabling conditions that collectively guide the path to water sensitivity. Eventually, the proposed framework serves as a practical compass, offering researchers, urban planners, and policy-makers a structured and purposeful direction for fostering water sensitivity in India's secondary cities.