Neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment: Health consequences, recovery pathways and clinical implications for holistic care

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse and neglect, have a profound impact on our bodies, affecting the brain, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, immune and inflammatory systems, as well as genetic expressions. Childhood maltreatment can leave long-lasting neurobiological scars, significantly increasing the risk of developing both physical and mental disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The ICD-11, an international disease classification system, has recently introduced new diagnostic criteria for what is known as complex PTSD. In this context, we will briefly overview the neurobiological effects of ACEs, the associated health conditions they can lead to, and potential pathways to recovery. These pathways include promoting the reinstatement of emotional and interpersonal skills that may have been impaired during early development. Approaching ACEs from a holistic perspective may open new avenues for more effective clinical practices for individuals suffering both physically and mentally.