Diving retrosternal goiter and the dilemma of sternotomy: indications, predictors and surgical considerations

A goiter is defined as an enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically resulting in a doubling in size or a weight exceeding 40 g. It affects approximately 5% of the global population. Diving, or substernal, goiters occur when more than 50% of the thyroid extends into the mediastinum, with an incidence ranging from 5% to 15.7% across various studies. An alternative definition describes diving goiters as those extending more than 3 cm below the sternal notch on chest computed tomography with the neck in hyperextension, or beyond the fourth thoracic vertebra. In this review, we outline the key clinical and radiological criteria that indicate when sternotomy is required for the surgical management of diving goiters.

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Publication Details

Journal
Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
Published
2025-01-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5114/kitp.2025.154929
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.01
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article

Diving retrosternal goiter and the dilemma of sternotomy: indications, predictors and surgical considerations

George Theofanis, Nikolaos Baltayiannis, Vasileios Leivaditis, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou et al.
1 citations
Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
2.01
article

Diving retrosternal goiter and the dilemma of sternotomy: indications, predictors and surgical considerations

George Theofanis, Nikolaos Baltayiannis, Vasileios Leivaditis, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Pavlos Sarof, Paraskevi Katsakiori, Alexandra Pagoulatou, Marina Michalaki, Andreas Antzoulas, Κωνσταντίνος Νικολακόπουλος, Efstratios Koletsis, Elias Liolis, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Konstantinos Grapatsas, Francesk Mulita, Dimitrios Litsas
article en
1 citations

Abstract

A goiter is defined as an enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically resulting in a doubling in size or a weight exceeding 40 g. It affects approximately 5% of the global population. Diving, or substernal, goiters occur when more than 50% of the thyroid extends into the mediastinum, with an incidence ranging from 5% to 15.7% across various studies. An alternative definition describes diving goiters as those extending more than 3 cm below the sternal notch on chest computed tomography with the neck in hyperextension, or beyond the fourth thoracic vertebra. In this review, we outline the key clinical and radiological criteria that indicate when sternotomy is required for the surgical management of diving goiters.

Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic SurgeryVol. 22(3)
General University Hospital of Patras (GR), Museum Appenzell (CH), Ruhrlandklinik (DE), Westpfalz Klinikum (DE), Metaxa Hospital (GR)
Openalex Percentile: Top 11%
Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
2.01
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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Diving retrosternal goiter and the dilemma of sternotomy: indications, predictors and surgical considerations — George Theofanis, Nikolaos Baltayiannis, et al. · Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS