Developing Coastal Resilience to Climate Change in Panama Through Sustainable Concrete Applications

Panama, with nearly 3000 km of coastline and half its population living in coastal zones, faces high vulnerability to sea level rise, flooding, and extreme events. The most vulnerable areas include low-lying coastal provinces such as Panama, Colón, and Chiriquí. This review explores the use of sustainable concrete to address the effects of climate change in Panama towards coastal resilience. The methodology combined a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, a systematic literature review (2015–2025) of 99 sources including regulations and technical standards, and a socioeconomic SWOT analysis to assess adoption drivers and barriers. A 2050 permanent inundation map was examined to identify vulnerable areas, and an inventory of concrete-based protection structures was developed. The results highlight that concrete is already used in Panama for coastal resilience through structures such as breakwaters, dolos, and Xbloc units. However, as the country still needs to expand its coastal protection infrastructure, there is a crucial opportunity to implement lower-impact, sustainable concrete alternatives that minimize environmental burdens while ensuring long-term durability and performance. Sustainable options, including supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), recycled aggregates, and CO2 injection technologies, demonstrate strong mitigation potential, with national initiatives such as Vertua, Greentec, and Argos pozzolan offering early pathways. The conclusions emphasize the need to expand sustainable concrete applications, integrate nature-based solutions, and strengthen Panama’s regulatory and technical capacity to achieve resilient, low-carbon coastal infrastructure.