Machine Learning-Driven E-Nose-Based Diabetes Detection: Sensor Selection and Feature Reduction Study

Diabetes is a major global health problem, with a rapidly increasing prevalence and long-term health complications in both developed and developing countries. If not diagnosed early, it can lead to cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, vision loss, and nervous system disorders. This study aimed to classify individuals with diabetes or healthy individuals using e-nose sensor data obtained from breath samples taken from 1000 individuals. Six sensor features and one class feature were used in the analysis. Machine learning methods included Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Decision Trees (DT), Gradient Boosting (GB), Naive Bayes (NB), and AdaBoost (AB). ANOVA and Information Gain analyses were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the sensor data, and the TGS2610 and TGS2611 sensors were found to be critical for classification. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced data size and saved processing time. Experimental results showed that the ANN model provided the most successful classification, with 100% accuracy. AB and GB achieved 99.8% accuracy, while NB achieved 97.6% accuracy. Dimensionality reduction using PCA optimized training and testing times without loss of accuracy. The study presents a data-driven approach to e-nose-based diabetes detection, demonstrates the comparative performance of the models, and highlights the importance of sensor selection and data size optimization.