Thermal sensitivity of plant immunity: a cellular perspective from Arabidopsis

Climate change is rapidly modifying environmental conditions for plant-microbe interactions. Extreme weather conditions and altered climate patterns have increased the frequency and severity of plant disease outbreaks worldwide, posing a major threat to global food security. Climate-related stress affects host-microbe interactions by modulating plant immunity and pathogen virulence. Understanding how plants perceive and respond to thermal stresses, and how this intersects with disease resistance mechanisms, is essential for mitigating future crop losses. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular and cellular basis of temperature sensing, its effects on immune signaling and cell biology in the model plant Arabidopsis. Advancing our understanding of these interactions is critical for developing climate-resilient crops capable of withstanding multiple stresses.