Intermolecular forces at the interface between NPs and biological systems

Nanoparticles used for theranostic purposes interact with the cell membrane, thereby establishing a series of nanoparticle/biological system interfaces. These interactions often lead to biocompatible or bioadverse outcomes, as previously referenced. The development of predictive relationships between the nanoparticle and the biological system is determined by the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial, such as shape, surface characteristics, roughness, size, and surface coating, among others. The objective of this article is to determine how the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles influence their interactions with biological systems, particularly at the nano-bio interface, aiming to enhance their effectiveness in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapies. It focuses on the detailed analysis and exposition of the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and biological systems, especially at the nano-bio interface. No original experiments are presented; rather, it provides a compilation, analysis, and discussion of previous studies with an explanatory approach. It is concluded that studying the relationships at the interface (membrane/cell assembly) allows us to understand the influences these have on the final fate of these nanostructures, making them more efficient and effective in the fight against cancer. It is concluded that studying the relationships at the interface (membrane/cell assembly) allows us to understand the influences these have on the final fate of these nanostructures, making them more efficient and effective in the fight against cancer. Recent advances have provided strong evidence supporting these perspectives [17]; [18]; [24]; [25], showing how exosomal corona formation, calcium-functionalized nanomaterials, and smartly designed nanostructures are reshaping the understanding of cancer nanotherapy.