Urban Environment and Outdoor Walking Mobility Among Older Adults With and Without Cognitive Impairment in Singapore: Formative Study

This formative, exploratory study suggests that environmental typologies, particularly GPR and land use, may be associated with differences in mobility patterns between older adults with and without cognitive impairment; subgroup patterns were exploratory and not powered for clinical interpretation. Policy implications include integrating fine-grained environmental metrics into age-friendly urban planning. Clinically, mobility assessments should account for environmental context. Future research should use larger, more diverse, and longitudinal samples to confirm these associations and guide the design of supportive urban environments for cognitively diverse aging populations, noting that findings are context-specific to high-density urban environments. However, given data limitations, unmeasured factors such as comorbidity burden, habitual physical activity, socioeconomic context, and caregiver accompaniment may also contribute to the observed patterns, and findings should be interpreted accordingly.