Modelling of Battery Energy Storage Systems Under Real-World Applications and Conditions

Understanding the degradation behavior of lithium-ion batteries under realistic application conditions is critical for the design and operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). This research presents a modular, cell-level simulation framework that integrates electrical, thermal, and aging models to evaluate system performance in representative utility and residential scenarios. The framework is implemented using Python and allows time-series simulations to be performed under different state of charge (SOC), depth of discharge (DOD), C-rate, and ambient temperature conditions. Simulation results reveal that high-SOC windows, deep cycling, and elevated temperatures significantly accelerate capacity fade, with distinct aging behavior observed between residential and utility profiles. In particular, frequency modulation and deep-cycle self-consumption use cases impose more severe aging stress compared to microgrid or medium-cycle conditions. The study provides interpretable degradation metrics and visualizations, enabling targeted aging analysis under different load conditions. The results highlight the importance of thermal effects and cell-level stress variability, offering insights for lifetime-aware BESS control strategies. This framework serves as a practical tool to support the aging-resilient design and operation of grid-connected storage systems.