The Seismic Background Noise Monitoring and Intelligent Prediction of the Cave Temple Cultural Heritage—A Case Study of Yungang Grottoes

As immovable cultural heritage, cave temples have characteristics such as fragile structural systems, significant cumulative historical damage, and irreplaceability. Earthquakes represent a primary cause of damage, cracking, and even the collapse of cave temples and their structures in China. And earthquakes pose a serious threat to the preservation and continuity of cultural heritage resources and may result in irreparable losses on an incalculable scale. Currently, the construction of a cave-earthquake-monitoring and early-warning system is incomplete, leaving cave temples at a high risk of earthquake damage. Consequently, conducting research on the seismic protection of cave cultural heritage is of urgent practical and academic significance. In this study, we use the seismic monitoring array installed at the Yungang Grottoes to conduct research on seismic motion prediction. This provides fundamental data to support seismic risk assessments, the development of seismic resistance standards, and the creation of an emergency response plan for the Yungang Grottoes. This study involved designing the TLSA-SO prediction network model and using the Datong Yungang Grottoes as an empirical research subject to validate the model’s effectiveness and accuracy. The results of the experiments show that the model achieves a prediction fit of 0.99 for environmental vibrations, enabling highly precise predictions. This provides critical technical support for the monitoring of environmental vibrations at cave-type cultural heritage sites and demonstrates the feasibility of implementing seismic preventive conservation measures at such sites.