Interpreting the Solvatochromic Behavior of DMSO: Perceptions into Hydrogen Bond Donor–Acceptor Duality

Abstract Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a suitable cosolvent, is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries due to its ability to solubilize a diverse range of organic and inorganic molecules that are poorly soluble in water. Its incredible roles have made it a subject of great interest across several fields. DMSO has numerous recognized roles—such as a membrane penetration enhancer, a histamine release promoter from mast cells, a scavenger of free radicals, and an exhibitor of anticholinesterase activity. Still, DMSO's precise mechanism of these actions in biological organisms remains partly understood. To unlock the detailed mechanisms of DMSO's multiple roles, it is crucial to understand its solvatochromic behavior and hydrogen bonding dynamics. Despite numerous studies revealing its physiological properties, the inherent solvatochromic properties of DMSO and their association with its biological functions have not been fully elucidated. This review provides an inclusive assessment of DMSO's solvatochromic behavior and hydrogen bond interactions, emphasizing its crucial role as both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. A deeper understanding of these physicochemical properties is vital for harnessing DMSO's full therapeutic potential and optimizing its application in targeted drug delivery, membrane dynamics, and biochemical modulation.