Strategies for Surface Modification of Nanoparticles Used in Catalysis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Surface functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) is a rapidly advancing strategy aimed atenhancing their catalytic performance by modifying their surface through physical or chemical methods. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the functionalization of NPs, with a particular focus on their catalytic applications. Nanoparticles possess unique properties—such as high surface area‐to‐volume ratios, tunable surface chemistry, low toxicity, and recyclability—that make them highly attractive for diverse catalytic processes. However, challenges such as high surface energy, oxidation, and rapid agglomeration often hinder their practical application. Surface modification with organic or inorganic moieties improves the physicochemical stability, dispersibility, and catalytic efficiency of NPs, overcoming many of these limitations. Special attention is given to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which have emerged as promising candidates due to their magnetic properties, ease of synthesis, and surface modifiability. This review discusses various functionalization strategies, materials used, and their impact on the catalytic behavior of IONPs and other nanomaterials. Although numerous studies have explored the synthesis and application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, comprehensive reviews on surface functionalization strategies—particularly in the context of catalysis—remain scarce. Addressing this gap, the present work aims to provide a detailed evaluation of functionalization techniques and their role in expanding the catalytic potential of nanomaterials.