Potential of Oleaginous Microbes for Lipid Production: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects for Sustainable Bioenergy

Abstract Producing biolipids from different feedstocks has opened up new possibilities for renewable energy, these sources help address the rising global demand for energy. Micro‐organisms that store more than 20% lipids by dry cell weight are known as oleaginous, and their ability to build up large lipid reserves is important because they mainly store these as triacylglycerols. These lipids are not only vital for the microbes themselves, but also serve as key building blocks for biodiesel and other bioproducts. Researchers have focused on oleaginous micro‐organisms like Yarrowia lipolytica, Cryptococcus curvatus, Rhodotorula glutinis (yeasts), Mucor circinelloides (fungi), and microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis sp . because of their high lipid yields. This review examines recent progress in feedstocks, mechanisms, and bioprocesses that boost lipid production. We analyze current studies to identify promising yet less‐studied microbial strains and process improvements that could be applied on a larger scale. We also closely examine major challenges, including scaling up, reducing costs, complying with regulations, and securing public support. Finally, we suggest research steps, such as metabolic engineering, integrated biorefineries, and economic analysis, to help translate lab breakthroughs into real‐world bioenergy production. This review addresses the previous limitation and serves as roadmap for future research in sustainable microbial lipid production.