A mixed-method conceptual model for safe drinking water management under natural hazards

Ensuring access to safe drinking water during natural hazards remains a critical global challenge. This study aimed to identify and validate the key components of water resources management in natural disasters and to advance existing frameworks by integrating community participation with technical measures and institutional capacity-building, ultimately resulting in the design of a comprehensive conceptual model. Unlike previous frameworks that primarily focused on technical or logistical aspects, the present model links socio-cultural participation, technical redundancy, and institutional preparedness across the phases of preparedness, response, and recovery. The research employed an explanatory mixed-method design conducted between January 2024 and February 2025 in three consecutive steps. First, a systematic review following the PRISMA guideline was performed, yielding 31 eligible studies from an initial 20,679 records. Second, a qualitative study involving 22 experts and practitioners was conducted using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Content analysis produced 510 initial codes, 86 subcategories, and 24 categories, which were synthesized into four main themes. Finally, 29 components were validated through two Delphi rounds and integrated into the proposed conceptual model. The resulting model emphasizes coordination, institutional resilience, and community engagement to ensure continuity of safe drinking water during disasters. These findings offer practical insights for policymakers, water authorities, and disaster managers, contributing to sustainable water governance and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).