Resource limitation during larval growth leads to higher flight propensity in adult beetles

The mango stem borer <i>Batocera rufomaculata</i> is a large beetle (Cerambycidae) exhibiting a high intra-specific variation in adult body size because of differing environmental conditions during larval growth. Previous studies revealed that smaller individuals can fly longer distances than larger ones before reaching exhaustion, a surprising fact considering that the cost of transport is expected to increase with decreased body size. We tested the flight propensity and metabolic rhythms of these beetles as a function of sex and body size. The intrinsic flight-initiating behaviour and the daily fluctuations in metabolic rate (MR) were measured over 48 h in closed arenas and in metabolic chambers, respectively. Beetles displayed a strong circadian pattern of nocturnal activity in both locomotion and MR. Smaller conspecifics were significantly more active both metabolically and behaviourally than larger ones with sex having no effect on the size-related difference. The results suggest a stronger innate drive to disperse by flight in smaller conspecifics, providing a behavioural-physiological link between environmental conditions during the larval growth period and the dispersal potential of the adults.