Biatractylonoids A–E, Five Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenoid Dimers from the Rhizomes of <i>Atractylodes macrocephala</i> with Anti-inflammatory Activity

Natural products, particularly dimeric sesquiterpenoids, have garnered significant interest among organic chemists due to their intriguing biological properties. In this study, we isolated five novel dimeric eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, biatractylonoids A-E (<b>1</b>-<b>5</b>), from the rhizomes of <i>Atractylodes macrocephala</i>. The structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> exhibit a previously unreported dimerization pattern, featuring an unique 2-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane moiety. Notably, <b>4</b> possesses an unprecedented heptacyclic ring system with a unique 6/6/5/5/5/5/6 arrangement, fused to two monomers via a novel dimerization pattern that includes a five-membered <i>O</i>-heterocyclic ring. <b>5</b> results from the linkage of an eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid to atractylone through furfuryl alcohol. Biologically, <b>1-3</b> exhibited inhibitory activities against NO release with IC₅₀ values ranging from 16.1 to 21.0 μM, as compared with the positive control (l-NAME, IC₅₀ value: 18.8 μM). Furthermore, compound <b>1</b> markedly decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that <b>1</b> potentially targeted PLD1 through hydrogen bonding interactions with Val792 and Arg923, thereby regulating its biological function. These compounds exhibited unique structures and significant anti-inflammatory activity, and PLD1 was identified as a potential target of compound <b>1</b>.