Fabrication of TFN nanofiltration membranes via UiO-66-NH ₂ MOF incorporation into <i>trans</i> -1,4-cyclohexanediamine/TMC polyamide

Abstract The growing demand for efficient, sustainable water treatment technologies has driven the development of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, which offer improved selectivity and permeability. In this research, high-performance TFN membranes were produced by embedding amine-functionalized zirconium-based metal–organic framework (UiO-66-NH 2 ) nanoparticles into a polyamide active layer created via interfacial polymerization of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and trans -1,4-diaminocyclohexane (CHDA). A polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane provided a durable and compatible support. Comprehensive characterization with SEM, AFM, XRD, and FTIR confirmed successful nanoparticle integration and uniform membrane structure. At an optimal UiO-66-NH 2 content of 0.05 wt%, the membrane showed enhanced performance, with notably reduced surface roughness and increased permeability. Water flux increased from 8.65 to 305.4 LMH, while dye flux rose from 8.6 to 225 LMH, all maintaining a dye rejection rate of 97.5% at 10 bar pressure. At a higher nanoparticle load (0.1 wt%), agglomeration led to decreased permeability, though selectivity remained high. These findings highlight the importance of balancing nanoparticle dispersion and loading for optimal membrane performance. Incorporating UiO-66-NH 2 into the polyamide enhances hydrophilicity and flux without compromising the structural stability needed for long-term use. This study demonstrates the potential of MOF-based TFN membranes for advanced dye wastewater treatment, textile effluent management, and other separation processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The scalable fabrication method and compatibility with standard membrane systems make this approach highly practical for industry, especially in regions facing water shortages and strict effluent regulations.