Predictors of childhood vaccination uptake in England: an explainable machine learning analysis of regional data (2021–2024)

The findings suggest that vaccination disparities in England are primarily driven by geographic, demographic, and cultural rather than socioeconomic factors. The application of explainable machine learning methods offers actionable insights for public health planning, particularly for identifying and supporting vulnerable communities. The datasets collected and used in this study are available at https://github.com/AminNoroozi/.