Herbicide toxicity to <scp> <i>Nitrospirillum amazonense</i> </scp> : assessing bacterial survival and microbial functionality

This study provides novel evidence that herbicides induce complex and specific modulations in N. amazonense, influencing not only bacterial survival but also the physiological mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion. Such specificity underscores the importance of herbicide selection in integrated management systems. The identification of compatible herbicides enables strategic combinations that sustain weed control while preserving microbial benefits, thereby advancing sustainable sugarcane production. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.