SWOT-Based Evaluation of Nature-Based Solutions for Stormwater Resilience in Historic Urban Landscapes

Urban flooding increasingly threatens the resilience of historic urban landscapes (HULs), where conventional gray infrastructure often fails to balance flood protection with cultural preservation. This study systematically evaluates five stormwater management models—conventional drainage, direct surface infiltration, subterranean infiltration, surface infiltration with retention at source, and stormwater retention—within the context of HULs. Using a structured SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, combined with Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrices, we identify key implementation factors, performance trade-offs, and context-specific constraints. Expert surveys (n = 20) were conducted to assess the relative importance and uncertainty of SWOT elements, further visualized through an impact–uncertainty grid. The results highlight that while conventional systems offer proven reliability and regulatory alignment, they lack adaptability to climate change and ecological functions. In contrast, infiltration- and retention-based models enhance resilience, water quality, and multifunctional urban benefits but face challenges of space limitations, cost, and integration with heritage preservation requirements. The analysis underscores the need for interdisciplinary, participatory, and policy-supported approaches to embed Nature-Based Solutions into HULs. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for urban planners and policymakers seeking to reconcile stormwater management with cultural heritage protection, offering strategic pathways for sustainable and climate-resilient heritage cities.