Healthcare Policy‐Making Through the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility: A Multi‐Level Governance and Policy Design Approach

ABSTRACT The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) has been a significant innovation in European Union (EU) governance and represents an opportunity to prioritize healthcare investments and reforms, among other policies. While much has been written about the EU post‐pandemic, particularly regarding the potential for changing the economic paradigm and triggering substantial domestic policy changes, the present article sheds light on the RRF through a multi‐level governance and policy design approach. The article combines the examination of the EU policy strategy at the top with the analysis of national and regional capacities and implementation programs at the bottom. By focusing on the Italian case, we shed light on the opportunities and limitations of both the RRF and the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP). The design of both the RRF and NRRP reveals weaknesses that could hinder the success of the initiative.