Optimization of the non-living animal models for simulation-based microsurgical training

The optimized non-living animal models represent efficient, reliable, and cost-effective alternatives to living-animal models for microsurgical training at different levels of expertise. Suggested models present a highly realistic simulation of pulsatile blood flow and can be effectively used to train vessel dissection, side branch management, microvascular anastomosis, bleeding control, and anastomosis patency evaluation. Perfused pulsatile non-living animal training models can be incorporated into the microsurgery training curriculum and may significantly enhance complex microsurgical skills and reduce surgical anxiety in young specialists.