Crack propagation and damage prediction in tempered glass based on Peridynamics

Tempered glass is a critical material in protection engineering. Its anti-penetration performance and dynamic damage mechanism have significant theoretical value in designing safety protection devices. The penetration response characteristics of tempered glass are investigated by numerical simulations of peridynamics and dynamic tests. The ballistic limit velocities of the three thicknesses of tempered glass target plates are obtained by multi-velocity penetration tests, and the crack propagation laws under dynamic loads are revealed based on the crack morphology characteristics. The results show that the penetration velocity of fragments and the thickness of the target plate influence the crack initiation, evolution, and damage mode of tempered glass by regulating the stress wave propagation mechanism. At the same time, the THOR equation is established under the normal penetration condition, as determined by the least squares method. This equation can calculate the residual velocity and the ballistic limit velocity of penetrating a tempered glass target plate. The tempered glass damage prediction model is established based on the energy dissipation theory, enabling a quantitative analysis of damage outcomes. The relative error between the model's predictions and the results of test and numerical simulations is ≤ 15.12 %. These results provide both validated theoretical and data support for glass design and material damage assessment.