Progress on extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released by cells into the extracellular space, containing various biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Extracellular vesicles exhibit broad cellular origins, diverse types, and high heterogeneity. They are involved in intercellular material transport, mediate intercellular communication, and play important roles in various cellular biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. This review summarizes recent advances in research on the isolation and identification, biogenesis mechanisms, and fate of extracellular vesicles, aiming to provide a reference for advancing research in this field.