Epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on urolithiasis incidence across the BRICS-plus from 1992 to 2021

The age-standardized incidence rate of urolithiasis showed an overall declining trend across the BRICS-plus from 1992 to 2021. Significant health inequalities persist among these nations, which might partially be attributed to disparities in socio-economic circumstances. Furthermore, our findings emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions across age, period, and cohort dimensions and can guide the design of tailored public health strategies for specific nations and demographics.