Patient engagement in their healthcare decision making and associated factors among adult outpatients with non-communicable chronic diseases in public hospitals of North Shewa Zone, central Ethiopia: a mixed-method study

Patient engagement in healthcare decision-making is generally low in the study area. Residence, diagnosis duration, health literacy, physician-patient relationship, shared decision-making, time shortage, lack of information, and autonomy breach influence patient engagement. Therefore, healthcare providers should enhance communication, improve information accessibility, and foster an environment that supports patient autonomy and informed participation.