A High‐Gain Dual‐Band Conformal Fractal Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Applications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a novel dual‐band conformal fractal antenna is designed for wireless capsule endoscopy systems. The antenna achieves operational bandwidths of 14.9% and 23.9% at 1.4 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. It exhibits reliable impedance matching and directional radiation patterns with maximum gains of −10.5 dBi at 1.4 GHz and −17.4 dBi at 2.45 GHz, ensuring efficient communication within the complex in‐body environment. The proposed antenna leverages the Hilbert fractal geometry to achieve both miniaturization and dual‐band performance. it is validated through simulations in different human tissue models to study the effect of each tissue as the antenna travels through the GI tract, and it is then experimentally tested using pork meat to mimic the human muscle. The results are in a good agreement with a broad bandwidth of approximately 24.5% (from 1.25 to 1.6 GHz) and 26.08% (from 2.1 to 2.73 GHz), with maximum gains of −11.24 dB at 1.4 GHz and −20 dB at 2.45 GHz and adherence to the SAR safety requirements.