Plant species diversity and composition in Kanyabaha wetland in Rukiga District, Uganda

• The Kanabaha wetland plant inventory identified a total of 15 species distributed across 10 families. • Human activities, such as agriculture and settlement, have led to a decline in species diversity and increased homogenization. • Eucalyptus sp. emerged as the most dominant species in the study area, occurring in over 40% of the sampled plots. • The Jaccard Similarity Index showed low similarity across wetlands, highlighting the unique floristic compositions shaped by geographic, hydrological, and human influences. • Continuous engagement of local communities in education and awareness programs is encouraged, Wetlands are ecologically and socioeconomically vital ecosystems, yet they remain highly vulnerable to human-induced disturbances. This study assessed plant species composition, diversity, and ecological dominance within Kanyabaha Wetland in Uganda to generate baseline ecological data that can inform sustainable management. Standard vegetation survey techniques and ecological indices, including Shannon-Wiener, Simpson’s Diversity, and Importance Value Index (IVI), were employed across sites with varying disturbance levels. A total of 31 plant species belonging to 19 families were recorded, with notable variation in species richness and composition across sites. Less disturbed areas (e.g., Rutenje and Burime) exhibited higher native species richness and stronger ecological integrity, while highly disturbed sites like Kandago were dominated by introduced species, particularly Eucalyptus spp. Interestingly, Kandago recorded the highest diversity indices, suggesting that while disturbance may increase species evenness, it compromises ecological balance. The dominance of few species in disturbed areas indicated a shift in vegetation structure, potentially disrupting ecosystem functionality. To address these issues, the study recommends targeted conservation measures, such as the removal or control of invasive species, promotion of native species regeneration, and community-led restoration initiatives. These findings are crucial for wetland managers, conservation agencies, and policy-makers, offering a scientific basis for prioritizing conservation areas and designing context-specific management interventions. The study contributes to the broader understanding of plant community responses to disturbance, supporting ongoing ecological monitoring and evidence-based restoration planning.