Antibiotic resistance: The growing threats and potential solutions

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a critical global health crisis, threatening the efficacy of antibiotics and increasing healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. The One Health approach, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is increasingly recognized as an essential framework for addressing the complex drivers of AR. This review explores the mechanisms of resistance, such as genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm formation, along with contributing factors such as the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. We assess both traditional and emerging strategies to combat AR, including antimicrobial stewardship, the development of new antibiotics, and alternative therapies such as bacteriophages, probiotics, and metal complexes. In addition, innovative approaches such as nanotechnology, combination therapies, and precision medicine are highlighted as promising tools for AR mitigation. Through case studies, this paper illustrates the effectiveness of the One Health approach in managing zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance, while also underscoring the need for transdisciplinary collaboration to secure a sustainable and effective future for antibiotic use.