Role of nanoparticles in alleviation of biotic and abiotic stress in crops: A review

Difficulties such as drought, salt and high temperatures caused by environmental problems reduce worldwide crop yields and greatly prevent seeds from sprouting. Because of what they are made of nanoparticles (NPs) are getting a lot of attention as a method to boost plant growth in tough conditions. The review covers information on how various NPs are affected by abiotic conditions and in turn influence the process of seed germination and the early stages of plant growth. Metallic, carbon-based and biopolymer nanoparticles modulate water uptake, activate germination-related enzymes (e.g., amylase, protease) and enhance antioxidant defense (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase), thereby improving seed vigour under stress. This is done because these interactions save cellular balance, which results in less oxidative stress and greater resistance to outside problems. The study also investigates the ways NPs get into seed cells and what impacts they have on cellular organelles. Topics related to NPs like their toxicity, the possibility that they last in nature for a long time and the many regulations are mentioned too. It is highlighted that when it comes to using nanotechnology in agriculture, emphasis ought to be placed on making sure things are environmentally friendly and sustainable and that nanoparticles are properly adjusted to encourage seed germination under stressful conditions.