Dual crosslinked injectable hydrogels with phytic acid coordination for robust underwater adhesion and rapid hemostasis

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a major cause of mortality in traumatic injuries, necessitating the development of efficient and biocompatible hemostatic materials suitable for clinical and emergency applications. Herein, we report a phytic acid (PA)-coordinated, dual-network injectable hydrogel composed of magnesium polyacrylate (PAMg), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and PA. The hydrogel is formed through both chemical and physical crosslinking, including covalent bonding, ionic interactions, and metal-ligand coordination, resulting in enhanced mechanical integrity, injectability, and biological performance. Structural and compositional characterization <i>via</i> FTIR and SEM revealed robust network formation and tunable porosity. The optimized hydrogel formulation exhibited high swelling capacity (up to 1076%) and maintained stable adhesion strength (>130 kPa) after prolonged PBS immersion. Hemostatic evaluation in rat liver injury models demonstrated a significant reduction in blood loss compared with control groups, while <i>in vitro</i> tests confirmed low hemolysis rates (<5%) and favorable cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts. This work presents a promising multifunctional hydrogel with mechanical strength, tissue adaptability, and biosafety for rapid hemostasis in moist internal environments.