Managing hypersensitivity reactions in cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive nursing perspective

Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment paradigms by harnessing the body's immune system to combat malignancies. However, hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) associated with these agents pose significant challenges in oncology nursing. This review provides an in-depth analysis of HSRs to cancer immunotherapy regarding incidence, clinical manifestations, and management, and discusses the crucial role of nurses in early detection, patient education, and supportive care. A narrative review approach was used. Literature was systematically searched in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for studies published up to 2025, focusing on immunotherapy-related HSRs, nursing management strategies, and evidence-based care guidelines. Relevant clinical guidelines and position statements from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) were also reviewed. Oncology nurses must be aware of HSRs and enhance their nursing practices in order to mitigate risks and optimize patient outcomes.