Analysis of seasonal surface current patterns in the Persian Gulf using a numerical ocean model

Abstract This study investigates the variations in surface current patterns and their influence on the formation of vortices and eddies in the Persian Gulf, with a primary focus on identifying the centers of these vortices and examining their relationship with regional circulation patterns. To achieve this, data on the speed and direction of surface currents from spring 2023 to winter 2024 were collected and analyzed, with the data exclusively derived from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model results. In winter, the Shamal winds induce instability in the surface layers, leading to the formation of small vortices rather than large eddies. In summer, particularly in July, stronger surface currents result in the formation of large and stable eddies, preventing the creation of small vortices. Additionally, in August, the weakening of eddy structures and their fragmentation into smaller structures provides more space for vortex formation. These findings align with hydrodynamic principles and similar studies conducted in tropical oceans. The outcomes of this study could be valuable for environmental and marine management, particularly in predicting and simulating pollutant movement, assessing their impacts on coastal ecosystems, and designing more resilient infrastructure against coastal erosion and natural hazards. Overall, the results contribute to improving strategies for managing marine and coastal resources and mitigating risks arising from climate change and pollution.