Exploring cultural factors contributing maternal mortality among pregnant women: an ethnographic study in the Banjarnegara community, Central Java, Indonesia

Pregnant women were often subject to culturally driven food taboos and restrictive physical routines, heavily influenced by family hierarchies and power relationships existing in their families-particularly mothers-in-law and husbands. These influences extended to decisions about reproductive health and prenatal care, sometimes leading to unplanned pregnancies and unsafe practices. The role of shamans, while culturally significant, poses risks when traditional methods conflict with scientific standards of care. Strengthening communication between healthcare providers and families, promoting culturally sensitive education, and empowering women through targeted interventions are essential to improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in these communities.