Improved piezocatalytic performance of BaTiO₃ nanowires via in situ pore structure regulation

Abstract In conventional catalytic reactions, the specific surface area of the catalyst plays a pivotal role in determining the reaction rate. Similarly, in piezocatalysis, the modulation of pore structure is equally critical. In this study, BaTiO₃ nanowires were synthesized via a two-step solvothermal process, wherein the pore architecture of the catalyst was engineered by adjusting the reaction solvent and other parameters. This structural optimization not only facilitated the transport of reactants and enhanced the bulk resistivity, but also induced an internal electric field within the catalyst. Consequently, the screening charges generated by the piezoelectric effect were more effectively localized on the sample surface to engage in redox reactions, thereby yielding a highly active piezocatalyst. The optimized catalyst achieved a degradation efficiency of 98% for Rhodamine B (RhB) solution within 10 min, accompanied by a reaction rate constant as high as 0.38 min⁻1. By integrating experimental observations with finite element simulations, the contribution of the porous structure to the enhanced piezocatalytic activity was elucidated, offering new insights for the future development and application of piezocatalytic materials. Graphical abstract